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1 Institut Kanser Negara, Ministry of Health Malaysia. Summary of the Malaysia National Cancer Registry Report 2017-2021. Retrieved April 2025 from https://nci.moh.gov.my/images/pdf_folder/SUMMARY-OF-MALAYSIA-NATIONAL-CANCER-REGISTRY-REPORT-2017-2021.pdf.

2 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. What are the risk factors for breast cancer? Retrieved March 2023 from https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/basic_info/risk_factors.htm#print.

3 American Cancer Society. Triple-negative breast cancer. Retrieved March 2023 from
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4 Lung Cancer Foundation of America. Lung cancer survivor stories. Retrieved June 2022 from https://lcfamerica.org/lung-cancer-info/survivors/.

5 National Cancer Society Malaysia. Lung cancer publications. Retrieved March 2021 from https://cancer.org.my/get-ahead/tun-abdul-razak-digital-library/lung-cancer/.

6 The Common Vein. Cancer large cell carcinoma. Retrieved June 2023 from
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7 Verywell Health. What is large cell lung carcinoma? Retrieved March 2023 from https://www.verywellhealth.com/large-cell-carcinoma-of-the-lungs-2249356.

8 Medscape. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Retrieved June 2023 from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279960-overview.

9 NHS. Lung cancer. Retrieved March 2025 from https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lung-cancer/.

10 American Cancer Society. Lung cancer risk factors. Retrieved March 2021 from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/lung-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html.

11 Cancer Research UK. Risks and causes of lung cancer. Retrieved June 2023 from
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12 American Cancer Society. Can lung cancer be prevented? Retrieved March 2021 from
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13 American Cancer Society. Can lung cancer be found early? Retrieved March 2021 from
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14 NHS. Diagnosis: Lung cancer. Retrieved March 2021 from https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lung-cancer/diagnosis/.

15 Journal of Clinical Oncology. Updated analysis of KEYNOTE-024: Pembrolizumab versus platinum-based chemotherapy for advanced non–small-cell lung cancer with PD-L1 tumor proportion score of 50% or greater. Retrieved June 2022 from
https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.18.00149.

16 Ministry of Health Malaysia. National Cancer Registry. National Cancer Institute. Malaysian study on cancer survival (MySCan). Retrieved June 2022 from
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17 National Cancer Institute. Immunotherapy to treat cancer. Retrieved March 2023 from
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18 Cleveland Clinic. Chemotherapy. Retrieved August 2023 from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/16859-chemotherapy.

19 American Cancer Society. How radiation therapy is used to treat cancer. Retrieved August 2023 from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/treatment-types/radiation/basics.html.

20 UCLA Health. Targeted therapy for lung cancer. Retrieved August 2023 from
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21 NHS. Treatment. Lung cancer. Retrieved August 2023 from
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22 Cancer Research UK. Photodynamic therapy (PDT). Retrieved March 2021 from https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/lung-cancer/treatment/photodynamic-therapy-pdt.

23 American Cancer Society. How lasers are used to treat cancer. Retrieved March 2021 from https://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/treatment-types/lasers-in-cancer-treatment.html.

24 Cancer Research UK. Microwave ablation. Retrieved June 2022 from https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/lung-cancer/treatment/microwave-ablation.

25 American Cancer Society. What is breast cancer? Retrieved March 2025 from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/about/what-is-breast-cancer.html.

26 Breastcancer.org. What is breast cancer? Retrieved March 2025 from https://www.breastcancer.org/about-breast-cancer.

27 Tan GH, Taib NA, Choo WY, et al. Clinical characteristics of triple-negative breast cancer: Experience in an Asian developing country. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev, 10, 395-398. Retrieved September 2023 from https://journal.waocp.org/article_24934_5c3a7051d42086c298c4ad3d933d6aea.pdf.

28 Kanapathy Pillai SK, Tay A, Nair S, Leong CO. Triple-negative breast cancer is associated with EGFR, CK5/6 and c-KIT expression in Malaysian women. BMC Clinical Pathology 2012, 12:18. Retrieved September 2023 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3582471/pdf/1472-6890-12-18.pdf.

29 BreastCancer.org. Triple-negative breast cancer. Retrieved March 2023 from https://www.breastcancer.org/types/triple-negative.

30 American Cancer Society. Breast cancer signs and symptoms. Retrieved March 2023 from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/screening-tests-and-early-detection/breast-cancer-signs-and-symptoms.html.

31 Hahnen E, Hauke J, Engel C, et al. Germline mutations in triple-negative breast cancer. Breast Care 2017, 12:15-19. Retrieved February 2024 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5465748/pdf/brc-0012-0015.pdf.

32 Cleveland Clinic. Triple negative breast cancer. Retrieved March 2023 from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21756-triple-negative-breast-cancer-tnbc.

33 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. What is breast cancer screening? Retrieved March 2023 from https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/basic_info/screening.htm.

34 National Cancer Society Malaysia. Breast cancer screening. Retrieved February 2024 from
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35 Ministry of Health Malaysia. Clinical Practice Guidelines Management of Breast Cancer (Third Edition).

36 American Cancer Society. Mammogram basics. Retrieved March 2023 from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/screening-tests-and-early-detection/mammograms/mammogram-basics.html.

37 American Cancer Society. Breast ultrasound. Retrieved March 2023 from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/screening-tests-and-early-detection/breast-ultrasound.html.

38 American Cancer Society. Breast biopsy. Retrieved March 2023 from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/screening-tests-and-early-detection/breast-biopsy.html.

39 Breast Cancer Research Foundation. Triple-negative breast cancer: Symptoms, treatment, research. Retrieved March 2023 from https://www.bcrf.org/blog/triple-negative-breast-cancer-treatment-symptoms-research/.

40 Abdou Y, Goudarzi A, Yu JX, et al. Immunotherapy in triple negative breast cancer: Beyond checkpoint inhibitors. npj Breast Cancer 8, 121 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41523-022-00486-y.

41 Cleveland Clinic. Chemotherapy for breast cancer. Retrieved March 2023 from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/8340-chemotherapy-for-breast-cancer.

42 American Cancer Society. Surgery for breast cancer. Retrieved March 2023 from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/treatment/surgery-for-breast-cancer.html.

43 Cleveland Clinic. Radiation therapy for breast cancer. Retrieved March 2023 from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/9191-radiation-therapy-for-breast-cancer.

44 American Cancer Society. Treatment of triple-negative breast cancer. Retrieved March 2023 from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/treatment/treatment-of-triple-negative.html.

45 Cochrane. Immunotherapy versus chemotherapy for people with advanced non-small cell lung cancer who have not been not previously been treated. Retrieved June 2021 from https://www.cochrane.org/CD013257/LUNGCA_immunotherapy-versus-chemotherapy-people-advanced-non-small-cell-lung-cancer-who-have-not-been-not.

46 Oncology Nursing News. Immunotherapy in cancer care: Educating patients about what to expect. Retrieved March 2021 from https://www.oncnursingnews.com/view/immunotherapy-in-cancer-care-educating-patients-about-what-to-expect.

47 American Cancer Society. Chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer. Retrieved March 2021 from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/lung-cancer/treating-small-cell/chemotherapy.html.

48 American Cancer Society. Chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Retrieved March 2021 from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/lung-cancer/treating-non-small-cell/chemotherapy.html.

49 WebMD. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Retrieved March 2023 from https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/triple-negative-breast-cancer#091e9c5e813081e0-1-4.

50 American Cancer Society. How is chemotherapy used to treat cancer? Retrieved February 2024 from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/treatment-types/chemotherapy/how-is-chemotherapy-used-to-treat-cancer.html.

51 American Cancer Society. Getting oral or topical chemotherapy. Retrieved March 2021 from https://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/treatment-types/chemotherapy/oral-chemotherapy.html.

52 Lungevity. Treatment options: Radiation therapy. Retrieved May 2021 from https://lungevity.org/for-patients-caregivers/lung-cancer-101/treatment-options/radiation-therapy.

53 American Cancer Society. Radiation therapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Retrieved March 2021 from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/lung-cancer/treating-non-small-cell/radiation-therapy.html.

54 American Cancer Society. Radiation therapy for small cell lung cancer. Retrieved March 2021 from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/lung-cancer/treating-small-cell/radiation-therapy.html.

55 Radiation Oncology Targeting Cancer. Palliative treatment. Retrieved February 2024 from https://www.targetingcancer.com.au/treatment-by-cancer-type/palliative-treatment/.

56 American Cancer Society. Targeted drug therapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Retrieved March 2021 from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/lung-cancer/treating-non-small-cell/targeted-therapies.html.

57 Cancer.Net. Lung cancer – Non-small cell: Types of treatment. Retrieved March 2021 from https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/lung-cancer-non-small-cell/types-treatment.

58 Translational Lung Cancer Research. Molecular epidemiology of lung cancer and geographic variations with special reference to EGFR mutations. Retrieved June 2021 from https://tlcr.amegroups.com/article/view/2928/3465..

59 Metastatic Trial Talk. Update on antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) for MBC. Retrieved February 2024 from https://metastatictrialtalk.org/research-news/antibody-drug-conjugates/.

60 Cancer Research UK. PARP inhibitors. Retrieved February 2024 from https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/treatment/targeted-cancer-drugs/types/PARP-inhibitors.

61 Cancer Research UK. Types of surgery for lung cancer. Retrieved August 2023 from https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/lung-cancer/treatment/surgery/types.

62 American Cancer Society. Surgery for non-small cell lung cancer. Retrieved March 2021 from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/lung-cancer/treating-non-small-cell/surgery.html.

63 Cancer Research UK. Types of breast cancer surgery. Retrieved March 2023 from https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/treatment/surgery/types-surgery.

64 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Triple-negative breast cancer. Retrieved March 2023 from https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/triple-negative.htm#print.

65 National Library of Medicine. National Centre for Biotechnology Information. Complications of lung cancer treatment. Retrieved March 2021 from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18506668/.

66 Cancer Research UK. Fluid on the lungs or in the abdomen. Retrieved March 2021 from https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/coping/physically/breathing-problems/causes-of-breathlessness/fluid-on-lungs.

67 Cancer Research UK. Treatment. Retrieved March 2021 from https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/coping/physically/breathing-problems/treatment.

68 MedicalNewsToday. What to know about pneumonia and lung cancer. Retrieved March 2021 from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/316783.

69 LungCancer.net. Symptoms – Coughing up blood. Retrieved October 2020 from https://lungcancer.net/symptoms/coughing-up-blood.

70 Cleveland Clinic. Lung cancer: Management and treatment. Retrieved March 2021 from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4375-lung-cancer#management-and-treatment.

71 Healthline. Possible complications of advanced breast cancer. Retrieved March 2023 from https://www.healthline.com/health/stage-iv-breast-cancer-possible-complications.

72 BreastCancer.org. Lung metastasis. Retrieved March 2023 from https://www.breastcancer.org/types/metastatic/lung-metastasis.

73 BreastCancer.org. Brain metastasis. Retrieved March 2023 from https://www.breastcancer.org/types/metastatic/brain-metastasis.

74 Cancer Research UK. Symptoms of secondary breast cancer. Retrieved March 2024 from https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/secondary/symptoms.

75 BreastCancer.org. Liver metastasis. Retrieved March 2023 from https://www.breastcancer.org/types/metastatic/liver-metastasis.

76 Lung Cancer Foundation of America. Accidentally finding lung cancer early: Laura Morte’s story. Retrieved June 2024 from https://lcfamerica.org/story/accidentally-finding-lung-cancer-early/#:~:text=The%20instances%20of%20lung%20cancer,be%20diagnosed%20purely%20by%20happenstance.

77 Ministry of Health Malaysia. The impact of noncommunicable diseases and their risk factors on Malaysia’s gross domestic product. Retrieved May 2021 from https://www.moh.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/1904?mid=648..

78 Employee Provident Fund. Health withdrawal. Retrieved June 2022 from https://www.kwsp.gov.my/member/withdrawals/partial/health.

79 CodeBlue. Doctors: Why can’t MOH negotiate for cheaper medicines? 4 November 2019. Retrieved June 2022 from https://codeblue.galencentre.org/2019/11/04/doctors-why-cant-moh-negotiate-for-cheaper-medicines/..

80 CodeBlue. Survey: Malaysians fine with sharing cancer treatment cost. 14 November 2019. Retrieved June 2022 from https://codeblue.galencentre.org/2019/11/14/survey-malaysians-fine-with-sharing-cancer-treatment-cost/..

81 CodeBlue. Advocates call for cancer drugs fund in Budget 2020. 7 October 2019. Retrieved June 2022 from https://codeblue.galencentre.org/2019/10/07/advocates-call-for-cancer-drugs-fund-in-budget-2020/..

82 Health Promotion Board Singapore. Singapore Physical Activity Guidelines. Retrieved June 2022 from https://www.healthhub.sg/sites/assets/Assets/Programs/pa-lit/pdfs/Singapore_Physical_Activity_Guidelines.pdf.

83 Cancer.Net. Nutrition recommendations during and after treatment. Retrieved November 2020 from https://www.cancer.net/survivorship/healthy-living/nutrition-recommendations-during-and-after-treatment..

84 American Cancer Society. Mouth sores and pain. Retrieved November 2020 from https://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/physical-side-effects/mouth-problems/mouth-sores.html.

85 Cancer.Net. Taste changes. Retrieved November 2020 from https://www.cancer.net/coping-with-cancer/physical-emotional-and-social-effects-cancer/managing-physical-side-effects/taste-changes.

86 American Cancer Society. Swallowing problems. Retrieved November 2020 from https://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/physical-side-effects/eating-problems/swallowing-problems.html.

87 American Cancer Society. Managing nausea and vomiting at home. Retrieved November 2020 from https://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/physical-side-effects/nausea-and-vomiting/nausea-and-vomiting.html.

88 American Cancer Society. Diarrhea. Retrieved November 2020 from https://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/physical-side-effects/stool-or-urine-changes/diarrhea.html.

89 American Cancer Society. Constipation. Retrieved November 2020 from https://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/physical-side-effects/stool-or-urine-changes/constipation.html.

90 American Cancer Society. Loss of appetite. Retrieved November 2020 from https://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/physical-side-effects/eating-problems/poor-appetite.html.

91 Your Cancer Story. Physical health. Retrieved October 2020 from https://www.yourcancerstory.com/physical-health/lung..

92 Your Cancer Story. Communication. Retrieved March 2021 from https://www.yourcancerstory.com/communication/general.

93 American Cancer Society. The doctor-patient relationship. Retrieved April 2021 from https://www.cancer.org/treatment/finding-and-paying-for-treatment/choosing-your-treatment-team/the-doctor-patient-relationship.html.

94 MD Anderson Cancer Center. Newly diagnosed cancer patients: Questions to ask your health care team. Retrieved April 2021 from https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/newly-diagnosed-cancer-patients-questions-to-ask-your-health-car.h00-158830434.html..

95 American Cancer Society. Questions to ask about your cancer. Retrieved April 2021 from https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/cancer-control/en/worksheets/questions-to-ask-about-my-cancer.pdf.

96 American Cancer Society. If you’re about to become a cancer caregiver. Retrieved March 2021 from https://www.cancer.org/treatment/caregivers/if-youre-about-to-become-a-cancer-caregiver.html.

97 American Cancer Society. Managing advanced cancer. Retrieved May 2021 from https://www.cancer.org/treatment/understanding-your-diagnosis/advanced-cancer/treatment.html.

98 National Cancer Institute. Immunotherapy to treat cancer. Retrieved May 2021 from https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/immunotherapy.

99 The New England Journal of Medicine. Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in metastatic non–small-cell lung cancer. Retrieved May 2021 from https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1801005.

100 American Cancer Society. Lung cancer risks for people who don’t smoke. Retrieved May 2021 from https://www.cancer.org/latest-news/why-lung-cancer-strikes-nonsmokers.html.